Behavioral ecology | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_ecology 00:01:41 1 Competing for resources 00:02:47 1.1 Evolutionarily stable strategy 00:04:22 1.2 Resource defense 00:06:27 1.3 Ideal free distribution 00:08:46 1.4 Mating strategies and tactics 00:10:57 2 Sexual selection 00:11:07 2.1 Mate choice by resources 00:13:36 2.2 Mate choice by genes 00:17:04 2.3 Sensory bias 00:20:59 3 Sexual conflict 00:22:27 3.1 Conflict over mating 00:27:42 4 Parental care and family conflicts 00:28:41 4.1 Types of parental care 00:31:09 4.2 Familial conflict 00:32:19 4.2.1 Sexual conflict 00:33:26 4.2.2 Parent-offspring conflict 00:36:03 4.2.3 Parent-offspring conflict resolution 00:37:24 4.2.4 Sibling-sibling conflict 00:39:18 4.3 Brood parasitism 00:42:07 5 Mating systems 00:42:54 5.1 Mating systems with no male parental care 00:47:01 5.2 Mating systems with male parental care 00:47:12 5.2.1 Monogamy 00:48:00 5.2.2 Polygyny 00:48:51 5.2.3 Polyandry threshold 00:49:46 5.2.4 Female desertion and sex role reversal 00:50:38 6 Social behaviors 00:51:04 6.1 Kin selection 00:51:12 6.1.1 Inclusive fitness 00:51:22 6.2 Kin recognition 00:53:17 6.2.1 Genetic cues 00:53:27 6.2.2 Environmental cues 00:54:18 6.3 Cooperation 00:54:28 6.3.1 Within species 00:54:43 6.3.2 Between species 00:56:41 6.4 Spite 00:58:34 7 Altruism and conflict in social insects 00:59:27 7.1 Conflicts in social insects 01:01:33 7.2 The monogamy hypothesis 01:02:59 8 Communication and signaling 01:05:15 9 See also 01:08:55 10 References 01:10:09 11 Further reading 01:12:33 12 External links 01:12:44 The monogamy hypothesis states that the presence of monogamy in insects is crucial for eusociality to occur. This is thought to be true because of Hamilton’s rule that states that rB-C0. By having a monogamous mating system, all of the offspring have high relatedness to each other. This means that it is equally beneficial to help out a sibling, as it is to help out an offspring. If there were many fathers the relatedness of the colony would be lowered.This monogamous mating system has been observed in insects such as termites, ants, bees and wasps. In termites the queen commits to a single male when founding a nest. In ants, bees and wasps the queens have a functional equivalent to lifetime monogamy. The male can even die before the founding of the colony. The queen can store and use the sperm from a single male throughout their lifetime, sometimes up to 30 years.In an experiment looking at the mating of 267 hymenopteran species, the results were mapped onto a phylogeny. It was found that monogamy was the ancestral state in all the independent transitions to eusociality. This indicates that monogamy is the ancestral, likely to be crucial state for the development of eusociality. In species where queens mated with multiple mates, it was found that these were developed from lineages where sterile castes already evolved, so the multiple mating was secondary. In these cases, multiple mating is likely to be advantageous for reasons other than those important at the origin of eusociality. Most likely reasons are that a diverse worker pool attained by multiple mating by the queen increases disease resistance and may facilitate a division of labor among workers 01:14:56 Communication and signaling Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago. Learning by listening is a great way to: - increases imagination and understanding - improves your listening skills - improves your own spoken accent - learn while on the move - reduce eye strain Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone. Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio: https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91 Other Wikipedia audio articles at: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts Upload your own Wikipedia articles through: https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts Speaking Rate: 0.8355641583992193 Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B "I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think." - Socrates SUMMARY ======= Behavioral ecology, also spelled behavioural ecology, is the study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures. Behavioral ecology emerged from ethology after Niko Tinbergen outlined four questions to address when studying animal behaviors that are the proximate causes, ontogeny, survival value, and phylogeny of behavior. If an organism has a trait that provides a selective advantage (i.e., has adaptive significance) in its environment, then natural selection favors it ...