The magic TL431 voltage regulator as a QRP AM transmitter modulator
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The TL431 is a shunt voltage regulator IC intended to be used like a zener diode. But unlike a zener, which has an anode and cathode only, the TL431 has three wires (the extra being a reference).
I previous found it was an effective high-gain audio amplifier, able to drive a speaker from a crystal set. In this video I use it as a modulator to allow a 7 MHz CW QRP transmitter to generate AM. As you'll hear the sound quality produced is excellent.
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